Nanomaterials in bacterial detection: current trends and future outlook
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1256Abstract
Contamination by pathogenic bacteria represents a severe risk to public health and well-being. We outlined current approaches to detecting and sensing harmful bacteria by integrating recognition elements with nanomaterials (NMs) in this study. Nanomaterials have emerged as a transformative technology for bacterial detection due to their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, quantum effects, and enhanced reactivity. This review highlights the current trends in the application of various nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots, in the detection of bacterial pathogens. These materials enable the development of selective, and rapid detection methods through mechanisms like surface plasmon resonance, electrochemical sensing, and fluorescence. Furthermore, integrating nanomaterials with microfluidic devices and biosensors is discussed, showcasing advancements in point-of-care diagnostics. Challenges such as stability, reproducibility, and potential toxicity of nanomaterials are addressed, alongside regulatory considerations. The future outlook emphasizes the potential of emerging nanomaterials, such as graphene and metal-organic frameworks, to revolutionize bacterial detection. This review aims to enhance the scalability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability of these technologies, paving the way for widespread clinical and environmental applications.
Keywords:
Contamination, nanomaterial, nanoprobes, pathogenic bacteria, sensingReferences
P.D. Patel (2002) (Bio) sensors for measurement of analytes implicated in food safety: a review. Trends in Analytical Chemistry.; 21(2), 96-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(01)00136-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(01)00136-4
K.E. Jones, N.G. Patel,, M.A. Levy, A. Storeygard, D. Balk, J. Gittleman, P. Daszak (2008) Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature., 451(7181), 990-993.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06536 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06536
P.C. Ray, S.A. Khan, A.K. Singh, D. Senapati, Z. Fan (2012) Nanomaterials for targeted detection and photothermal killing of bacteria. Chemical Society Reviews.; 41(8), 3193-209.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS15340H DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs15340h
L.V. Poulsen (1999) Microbial Biofilm in Food Processing. LWT - Food Science and Technology.; 32(6), 321–326.
https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1999.0561 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1999.0561
M.S. Kumar, S. Ghosh, S. Nayak, A.P. Das (2016) Recent advances in biosensor-based diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.; 80, 497-510.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.023
J.D. Nostrand Van, A.D. Junkins, R.K. Bartholdi (2000) Poor predictive ability of urinalysis and microscopic examination to detect urinary tract infection. American journal of clinical pathology.; 113(5), 709-13. https://doi.org/10.1309/428N-60XK-UQ3Q-BXLC DOI: https://doi.org/10.1309/428N-60XK-UQ3Q-BXLC
R. Naravaneni, K. Jamil (2005) Rapid detection of food-borne pathogens by using molecular techniques. Journal of medical microbiology.; 54(1), 51-54. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45687-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45687-0
G.O'. Toole, H.B. Kaplan, R. Kolter (2000) Biofilm formation as microbial development. Annual Reviews in Microbiology.; 54(1), 49-79.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.49 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.49
P. Stoodley, K. Sauer, D.G. Davies, J.W. Costerton (2002) Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annual Reviews in Microbiology.; 56(1), 187-209.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160705 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160705
M. Goudarzi, M. Navidinia, N. Khadembashi, R. Rasouli (2021) Biofilm Matrix Formation in Human: Clinical Significance, Diagnostic Techniques, and Therapeutic Drugs. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases.; 16(3), 12345,
https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.107919 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.107919
D. Ivnitski, I. Abdel-Hamid, P. Atanasov, E. Wilkins (1999) Biosensors for detection of pathogenic bacteria. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.; 14(7), 599-624.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5663(99)00039-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5663(99)00039-1
A.M. Pappa, O. Parlak, G. Scheiblin, P. Mailley, A. Salleo, R.M. Owens (2018) Organic electronics for point-of-care metabolite monitoring. Trends in Biotechnology.; 36(1), 45-59.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.022
A. Haleem, M. Javaid, R.P. Singh, R. Suman, S. Rab (2021) Biosensors applications in medical field: A brief review. Sensors International.; 2, 100100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100100
A. Munawar, Y. Ong, R. Schirhagl, M.A. Tahir, W.S. Khan, S.Z. Bajwa (2019) Nano sensors for diagnosis with optical, electric and mechanical transducers. RSC advances.; 9(12), 6793-803. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA10144B DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA10144B
Z. Kotsiri, A. Vantarakis, F. Rizzotto, D. Kavanaugh, N. Ramarao, J. Vidic (2019) Sensitive detection of E. coli in artificial seawater by aptamer-coated magnetic beads and direct PCR. Applied Sciences.; 9(24),5392. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245392 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245392
C.A. Choi, Z.A. Mazrad, G. Lee, I. In, K.D. Lee, S.Y. Park (2018) Boronate-based fluorescent carbon dot for rapid and selectively bacterial sensing by luminescence off/on system. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis.; 159, 1-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.043
Z. Kotsiri, J. Vidic, A. Vantarakis (2022) Applications of biosensors for bacteria and virus detection in food and water–A systematic review. journal of environmental sciences.; 111, 367-79.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.009
M. Kundu, P. Krishnan, R.K. Kotnala, G. Sumana (2019) Recent developments in biosensors to combat agricultural challenges and their future prospects. Trends in food science & technology.; 88, 157-78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.024
M.A. Islam, A. Karim, B. Ethiraj, T. Raihan, A. Kadier (2022) Antimicrobial peptides: Promising alternatives over conventional capture ligands for biosensor-based detection of pathogenic bacteria. Biotechnology Advances.; 55, 107901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107901 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107901
K. Saha, S.S. Agasti, C. Kim, X. Li, V.M. Rotello (2012) Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing. Chemical reviews.; 112(5), 2739-79. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr2001178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr2001178
A.J. Haes, R.P. Van Duyne (2002) A nanoscale optical biosensor: sensitivity and selectivity of an approach based on the localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of triangular silver nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society.; 124(35), 10596-604.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja020393x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja020393x
T.A. Taton, G. Lu, C.A. Mirkin (2001) Two-color labeling of oligonucleotide arrays via size-selective scattering of nanoparticle probes. Journal of the American Chemical Society.; 123(21), 5164-5. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0102639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0102639
T. Adam, S.C. Gopinath (2022) Nanosensors: Recent perspectives on attainments and future promise of downstream applications. Process Biochemistry.; 117, 153-73.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2022.03.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2022.03.024
M. Alafeef, P. Moitra, D. Pan (2020) Nano-enabled sensing approaches for pathogenic bacterial detection. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.; 165, 112276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112276 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112276
R. Singh, M.S. Smitha, S.P. Singh (2014) The role of nanotechnology in combating multi-drug resistant bacteria. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.; 14(7), 4745-56.
https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2014.9527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2014.9527
P.V. Baptista, M.P. McCusker, A. Carvalho, D.A. Ferreira, N.M. Mohan, M. Martins, A.R. Fernandes (2018) Nano-strategies to fight multidrug resistant bacteria— “A Battle of the Titans”. Frontiers in Microbiology.; 9, 1441.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01441 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01441
R.A. Luz, R.M. Iost, F.N. Crespilho (2013) Nanomaterials for biosensors and implantable bio-devices. Nanobioelectrochemistry: From Implanta-ble Biosensors to Green Power Generation.; p.27-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29250-7_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29250-7_2
M. Berrettoni, D. Tonelli, P. Conti, R. Marassi, M. Trevisani (2004) Electrochemical sensor for indirect detection of bacterial population. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical.; 102(2), 331-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.04.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.04.022
P. Lakhera, V. Chaudhary, P. Kush, P. Kumar (2022) Nanomaterial-mediated biosensors: concept and biological applications. Multifunctional Nanocarriers.; p.523-553.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85041-4.00020-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85041-4.00020-2
M.D. Angione, R. Pilolli, S. Cotrone, M. Magliulo, A. Mallardi, G. Palazzo, L. Sabbatini, D. Fine, A. Dodabalapur, N. Cioffi, L. Torsi (2011) Carbon based materials for electronic bio-sensing. Materials Today.; 14(9), 424-33.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70187-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70187-0
H.A. Joung, N.R. Lee, S.K. Lee, J. Ahn, Y.B. Shin, H.S. Choi, C.S. Lee, S. Kim, M.G. Kim (2008) High sensitivity detection of 16s rRNA using peptide nucleic acid probes and a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Analytica Chimica Acta.; 630(2), 168-73.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.10.001
M. Koets, T. Van der Wijk, J.T. Van Eemeren, A. Van Amerongen, M.W. Prins (2009) Rapid DNA multi-analyte immunoassay on a magneto-resi-stance biosensor. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.; 24(7), 1893-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.09.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.09.023
H. Lee, E. Sun, D. Ham, R. Weissleder (2008) Chip–NMR biosensor for detection and molecular analysis of cells. Nature Medicine.; 14(8), 869-74. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.1711 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.1711
M. Mujika, S. Arana, E. Castano, M. Tijero, R. Vilares, J.M. Ruano-López, A. Cruz, L. Sainz, J. Berganza (2009) Magnetoresistive immunosensor for the detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7 including a microfluidic network. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.; 24(5), 1253-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.024
S. Zhu, C. Du, Y. Fu (2009) Localized surface plasmon resonance-based hybrid Au–Ag nanoparti¬cles for detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. Optical Materials.; 31(11), 1608-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2009.03.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2009.03.009
H.A. Joung, N.R. Lee, S.K. Lee, J. Ahn, Y.B. Shin, H.S. Choi, C.S. Lee, S. Kim, M.G. Kim (2008) High sensitivity detection of 16s rRNA using peptide nucleic acid probes and a surface plasmon resona¬nce biosensor. Analytica Chimica Acta.; 630(2), 168-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.10.001
D. Zhang, D.J. Carr, E.C. Alocilja (2009) Fluorescent bio-barcode DNA assay for the detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.; 24(5), 1377-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.081
H.D. Hill, R.A. Vega, C.A. Mirkin (2007) Nonenzymatic detection of bacterial genomic DNA using the bio bar code assay. Analytical Chemistry.; 79(23), 9218-23. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac701626y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac701626y
J. Ji, J.A. Schanzle, M.B. Tabacco (2004) Real-time detection of bacterial contamination in dynamic aqueous environments using optical sensors. Analytical Chemistry.; 76(5), 1411-8.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac034914q DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac034914q
Y. Liu, R. Brandon, M. Cate, X. Peng, R. Stony, M. Johnson (2007) Detection of pathogens using luminescent CdSe/ZnS dendron nanocrystals and a porous membrane immunofilter. Analytical chemistry.; 79(22), 8796-802.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0709605 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0709605
A.C. Chang, J.B. Gillespie, M.B. Tabacco (2001) Enhanced detection of live bacteria using a dendrimer thin film in an optical biosensor. Analytical Chemistry.; 73(3), 467-70.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac000460a DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac000460a
W. Shen, B.D. Schrag, M.J. Carter, G. Xiao (2008) Quantitative detection of DNA labeled with magnetic nanoparticles using arrays of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junction sensors. Applied Physics Letters.; 93(3), 34-42.. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2963970 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2963970
S.J. Mechery, X.J. Zhao, L. Wang, L.R. Hilliard, A. Munteanu, W. Tan (2006) Using bioconjugated nanoparticles to monitor E. coli in a flow channel. Chemistry–An Asian Journal.; 1(3), 384-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.200600009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.200600009
Q. Yang, Y. Liang, T. Zhou, G. Shi, L. Jin (2009) Electrochemical investigation of platinum-coated gold nanoporous film and its application for Escherichia coli rapid measurement. Electroche-mistry Communications.; 11(4), 893-6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2009.02.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2009.02.021
S. Pal, E.C. Alocilja (2009) Electrically active polyaniline coated magnetic (EAPM) nanoparticle as novel transducer in biosensor for detection of Bacillus anthracis spores in food samples. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.; 24(5), 1437-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.08.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.08.020
Y.H. Lin, S.H. Chen, Y.C. Chuang, Y.C. Lu, T.Y. Shen, C.A. Chang, C.S. Lin (2008) Disposable amperometric immunosensing strips fabricated by Au nanoparticles-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes for the detection of foodborne pathogen Escherichia coli O157: H7. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.; 23(12), 1832-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.02.030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.02.030
Z.G. Chen (2008) Conductometric immunosensors for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B based bio-electrocalytic reaction on micro-comb electrodes. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engine-ering.; 31, 345-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-007-0168-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-007-0168-2
H.M. So, D.W. Park, E.K. Jeon, Y.H. Kim, B.S. Kim, C.K. Lee, S.Y. Choi, S.C. Kim, H. Chang, J.O. Lee (2008) Detection and titer estimation of Escherichia coli using aptamer‐functionalized single‐walled carbon‐nanotube field‐effect transistors. Small.; 4(2), 197-201. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200700664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200700664
S. Viswanathan, L.C. Wu, M.R. Huang, J.A. Ho (2006) Electrochemical immunosensor for cholera toxin using liposomes and poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-coated carbon nanotubes. Analytical Chemistry.; 78(4), 1115-1121.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac051435d DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac051435d
P.R. Brasil de Oliveira Marques, A. Lermo, S. Campoy, H. Yamanaka, J. Barbe, S. Alegret, M.I. Pividori (2009) Double-tagging polymerase chain reaction with a thiolated primer and electrochemical genosensing based on gold nanocomposite sensor for food safety. Analytical Chemistry.; 81(4), 1332-9. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac801736b DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac801736b
R.A. Villamizar, A. Maroto, F.X. Rius, I. Inza, M.J. Figueras (2008) Fast detection of Salmonella Infantis with carbon nanotube field effect transistors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.; 24(2), 279-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.03.046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.03.046
Y. Cheng, Y. Liu, J. Huang, K. Li, Y. Xian, W. Zhang, L. Jin (2009) Amperometric tyrosinase biosensor based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles-coated carbon nanotubes nanocomposite for rapid detection of coliforms. Electrochimica Acta.; 54(9), 2588-94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.10.072 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.10.072
A.D. Maynard, R.J. Aitken, T. Butz, V. Colvin, K Donaldson, G Oberdörster, MA Philbert, J Ryan, A Seaton, V Stone, SS Tinkle. (2006) Safe handling of nanotechnology. Nature. Nov 16, 444(7117):267-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/444267a DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/444267a
M. Matsishin, A. Rachkov, A. Errachid, S. Dzyadevych, A. Soldatkin (2016) Development of impedimetric DNA biosensor for selective detection and discrimination of oligonucleotide sequences of the rpoB gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical.; 222, 1152-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.08.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.08.012
H. Vaisocherová-Lísalová, I. Víšová, M.L. Ermini, T. Špringer, X.C. Song, J. Mrázek, J. Lamačová, N.S. Lynn Jr, P. Šedivák, J. Homola (2016) Low-fouling surface plasmon resonance biosensor for multi-step detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens in complex food samples. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.; 80, 84-90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.040
P.K. Pandey, P.H. Kass, M.L. Soupir, S. Biswas, V.P Singh (2014) Contamination of water resources by pathogenic bacteria. Amb Express.; 4, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-014-0051-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-014-0051-x
N. Panchal, V. Jain, R. Elliott, Z. Flint, P. Worsley, C. Duran, T. Banerjee, S. Santra (2022) Plasmon-Enhanced Bimodal Nanosensors: An Enzyme-Free Signal Amplification Strategy for Ultrasensitive Detection of Pathogens. Analytical Chemistry.; 94(40), 13968-77.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03215
S. Nair, V. Gautam, R. Kumar, A. Verma, V.K. Jain, S. Nagpal (2022) A novel sensing platform using silicon nanowires/reduced graphene oxide to detect pathogenic E. coli (MTCC4430) and its application in water samples. Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences.; 14(3), 253-60.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-022-00136-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-022-00136-7
Y. Benserhir, A.C. Salaün, F. Geneste, N. Oliviero, L. Pichon, A. Jolivet-Gougeon (2022) Silicon nanowires-based biosensors for the electrical detection of Escherichia coli. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.; 216, 114625.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2022.114625 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2022.114625
S. Nqunqa, T. Muluadzi, N. Njomo, U. Feleni, R.F. Ajayi (2022) Musa Paradaisica and Vitis vinifera Functionalised Ag-NPs: Electrochemical and Optical Detection of Escherichia coli in Seawater. Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology.; 12, 35-59. https://doi.org/10.4236/jsemat.2022.123004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jsemat.2022.123004
M. Huang, X. Zhou, H. Wang, D. Xing (2018) Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 triggered isothermal amplification for site-specific nucleic acid detection. Analytical Chemistry.; 90(3), 2193-200.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04542
S. Riedel, K.C. Carroll (2010) Blood cultures: key elements for best practices and future directions. Journal of infection and chemotherapy.;16, 301-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10156-010-0069-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10156-010-0069-1
W. Villena Gonzales, A.T. Mobashsher, A. Abbosh (2019) The progress of glucose monitoring—A review of invasive to minimally and non-invasive techniques, devices and sensors. Sensors.; 19(4), 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040800 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040800
K.S. Jaiswal, N.N. Kadamannil, R. Jelinek (2023) Carbon nanomaterials in microbial sensing and bactericidal applications. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 66, 101719. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040800 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2023.101719
C. Liu, N. Yazdani, C.S. Moran, C. Salomon, C.J. Seneviratne, S. Ivanovski, P. Han (2024) Unveiling clinical applications of bacterial extracellular vesi-cles as natural nanomaterials in disease diagnosis and therapeutics. Acta Biomaterialia.; 180, 18-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.022
S. Ishii, M.J. Sadowsky (2008) Escherichia coli in the environment: implications for water quality and human health. Microbes and Environments.; 23(2), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.23.101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.23.101
S.D. Richardson (2012) Environmental mass spectrometry: emerging contaminants and current issues. Analytical Chemistry.; 84(2), 747-778. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac202903d DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac202903d
G. Aragay, J. Pons, A. Merkoçi (2011) Recent trends in macro-, micro-, and nanomaterial-based tools and strategies for heavy-metal detection. Chemical Reviews.; 111(5), 3433-58. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr100383r DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr100383r
V.B. Juska (2020) Design, development and characterization of nanostructured electrochemical sensors (Doctoral dissertation, University College Cork). https://hdl.handle.net/10468/10021
S. Rodriguez-Mozaz, M.J. Lopez de Alda, D. Barceló (2006) Biosensors as useful tools for environmental analysis and monitoring. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.; 386, 1025-1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0574-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0574-3
G. Griffiths, J. Gruenberg, M. Marsh, J. Wohlmann, A.T. Jones, R.G. Parton (2022) Nanoparticle entry into cells; the cell biology weak link. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews.; 29, 114403.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2022.114403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2022.114403
J.Y. Lai, Y.T. Chen, T.H. Wang, H.S. Chang, J.L. Lai (2007) Biosensor integrated with the transducer to detect the glucose. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems New Orleans, LA, USA.; 2015-2018. IEEE.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAS.2007.378433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAS.2007.378433
S.K. Bhardwaj, N. Bhardwaj, V. Kumar, D. Bhatt, A. Azzouz, J. Bhaumik, K.H. Kim, A. Deep (2021) Recent progress in nanomaterial-based sensing of airborne viral and bacterial pathogens. Environment International.; 146, 106183.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106183
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
